Dolly, a Finn Dorset sheep, was born on July 5th, 1996, at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, Scotland. Her birth, not revealed to the public until February 3rd, 1997, sparked controversy instantly, because Dolly was the world's first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell. Considered one of the most significant scientific breakthroughs ever, Dolly's birth and subsequent survival proved that adult cells can reprogram themselves into a new being. The team that created her, led by Scotsman Ian Wilmut, hoped to create an animal whose cells were genetically young again, rather than prematurely adult; however, when Dolly was reported to have been euthanased on February 14th, 2003, nearly six years after her birth, concern was raised that her progressive lung disease was caused because her cells were already old; she also had premature arthritis. Sheep can normally live to 11 or 12 years of age, and lung disease is not common in younger sheep. There was some speculation as to whether she caught it or not from the other sheep that she was housed with, but that claim has been neither confirmed nor denied.

Dolly, named after singer Dolly Parton, bred normally on two occasions, with a Welsh mountain ram named David, and over the course of her life gave birth to four lambs; proving thus that clones can reproduce.

Francis Crick and James Watson are widely recognized as some of the first pioneers in cloning technology. Their discovery of the double-helix structure  of DNA in 1953, and later, their work on moecular heredity, helped to propel the science of biotechnology into the public view. This in turn led to an increase in scientific research that focused on learning the intricacies of the human genetic code and, subsequently, the discovery that cloning is possible and within reach of scientists today. Cloning as it exists today would probably not exist but for the research of these two men, who in 1962 received a Nobel prize for their work.

Another important name in cloning history is John Gurdon, who in 1962 announced that he had used the nucleus of fully differentiated adult intestinal cells to clone South African frogs. Gurdon’s experiment was widely talked about, although it was never proven that the frogs were true clones.

In 1984, Steen Willadsun cloned a sheep from embryo cells, which were the predecessor to Dolly’s method of cloning. His work was the first verified incidence of cloning using nuclear transfer, which was remarkable at the time considering that only a few months earlier it had been said that it was biologically impossible.

The major debate over Dolly was the issue of subsequent human cloning. The ethics that need to be considered over this issue are enormous, and there is no one right answer.  Since Dolly, human cloning advocates have lobbied to legalize cloning; but so far this has not happened. Some people are of the opinion that cloning is essentially "playing God" and is abominable to say the least; they cite cloning experiments that have gone awry, with such results as deformed fetuses with oversized organs, and birthed animals that were twice the normal size and died soon after. Overall, the Dolly debate still continues internationally, and has never really died away. Whatever the future of cloning may be, Dolly existed, and that in itself is a momentous event in human history.

•  The Roslin Institute of Edinburgh, Scotland--the birthplace of Dolly. There is a wealth of information on cloning research here; it is an excellent starting point for your own research.
  
•  AgBiotechNet --information on animal and plant biotechnology, including a searchable database,  news, and directories.
• Genetic Engineering News--online access to journals, as well as a glossaryof terms and a searchable database.
• BioConferences International--materials and press releases concerning well-known biological conferences. Discover what presentations on topics of cloning and biology were accepted by noted scientists, and which ones were rejected,.
  
• Mary Ann Liebert Publishers--Electronic journals site, covering many topics.
  
• Human Cloning Foundation--the official site in support of human cloning technology.
  
• Faith Links--read this interesting article on the ethics of cloning from a Christian perspective. Religion plays a big part in the arguments on the ethics of cloning, and it is important to be aware of the many standpoints that people take.
  
• New Scientist--this official website of the popular printed magazine has ongoing coverage of topics such as cloning. The print version of the magazine is very interesting as well, covering a great deal of different topics relevant to science in the modern age.
• Time Magazine Online--view past articles, covers, and other things related to cloning that have been published in Time. This magazine is one of the most respected in the industry, and is a good resource to draw information from.
  
• Clonaid--self-described "pioneers in human cloning cloning"; read updates on the growing number of clone babies being born.
• Human Genome Project--interesting and closely related to cloning. This is my personal favorite of the sites that I found and used for this module; the researching being conducted on DNA is fascinating.
  
• American Journal of Bioethics--excellent resource, as it combines ethics issues with informative topics.
• Godsend--take at look at Hollywood's chilling portrayal of human cloning.
• Dolly the Sheep, 1996-2003 from the Science Museum, London
• Try to clone a virtual mouse in the cloning laboratory, from the University of Utah's Genetic Science Learning Center
• Scientific American articles on cloning
• National Institute of Health provides in-depth detail of the cloning process

• Understanding DNA and Gene Cloning: A Guide for the Curious, by Karl Drlica. Explains the fundamental principles of DNA biology at a level that does not require a knowledge of chemistry, primarily for junior college, college, or university students who may or may not be science majors. This edition (first, 1984) adds questions for discussion, an expanded glossary, an expanded list of additional readings, and several new topics, among them a discussion of retroviruses--viruses that cause cancer and AIDS.
• Genetic Engineering: Debating the Benefits and Concerns, by Karen Judson.  Presents the facts and analyze some of the most controversial topics in today's news.Offers excellent  information for reports or debates.

• Clone: the Road to Dolly and the Path Ahead, by Gina Kolata. Kolata, who broke the news of the cloning of the sheep Dolly in The New York Times, reveals the story behind Dolly, reaching back to the earliest attempts to clone, uncovering events that led to Dolly's birth, and exploring questions that Dolly represents for the future.
• Clones and Clones: Facts and Fantasies About Human Cloning, by by Martha C. Nussbaum and Cass R. Sunstein. Stephen Jay Gould, Richard Dawkins, Steven Pinker, Eric and Richard Posner, Wendy Doniger, Andrea Dworkin, and other distinguished scholars and writers from a broad range of disciplines address the troubling and fascinating issue of human cloning.
• Flesh of my Flesh: the Ethics of Cloning Humans, by Gregory E. Pence.Offers reprints of 13 essays representing a variety of views of whether people should be excited, disturbed, or indifferent to the prospect of human cloning. Except for a 1971 article by James D. Watson, they are all from 1997 and respond to the successful cloning of a sheep. The National Bioethics Advisory Commission and Stephen Jay Gould are among the contributors.