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Assignment Background Michael Luther King, Jr. was born on January 15, 1928 in Atlanta, Georgia. He was the second child born to the union of Michael Luther King, Sr. and Alberta King. His father later changed both his own and his son’s first name to Martin, in order that they resembled that of the sixteenth-century religious reformer Martin Luther. Martin Luther King had a strong desire to be an educated man. He excelled in nearly every educational setting afforded to him. He skipped two grades in high school and was admitted to Morehouse College at the age of 15. After receiving a Bachelor of Arts degree in Sociology from Morehouse, he followed his ministerial calling and entered Crozer Theological Seminary. Three years later, he received a Bachelor of Divinity degree. With a fellowship awarded from Crozer, Martin continued his quest for higher education at Boston University and received a Doctorate of Philosophy in Systematic Theology. In the years to follow, Martin received a host of honorary degrees in law, divinity, and humanities from educational institutions throughout the world.
Because of institutional segregation Dr. King was introduced to the inequalities of race at an early age. As a child, his best friend was a white boy. He and the boy were allowed to play together but were not permitted to attend the same school. Martin did not quite understand why others did not practice his parents’ golden rule of "treating EVERYONE EQUAL and with respect." Throughout the years to follow, Martin encountered more situations of inequality such as those associated with public use facilities, transportation, and voting. Dr. King felt something needed to be done, but he insisted it had to in a rational manner and without violence. He embraced the principles of Mahatma Gandhi, who believed those in power could be forced to change through “peaceful revolution” and the ideas of Henry David Thoreau, who believed “if enough people would follow their conscience and disobey unjust laws, they could bring about a peaceful revolution.” Armed with such philosophies, King headed the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) and lead one of the first mass civil rights protests. The year long Montgomery Bus Boycott was the first action taken to desegregate the Montgomery, Alabama public bus system. He later recounted the events of this protest in a book, Strive Toward Freedom (1958). King and the SCLC lead many more boycotts, sit-ins and protests throughout the southern United States in an attempt to peacefully demand equal civil rights, and social and economic justice, not only for just African Americans, but all minorities and disadvantaged Americans.
The Selma to Montgomery March, publicized by King, proved to be a turning point in the Civil Rights Movement. The violent events that took place during the march prompted President Lyndon B. Johnson to force passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965; after which matters involving race relations began to change. Attitudes toward racial equality did not totally change with the Act, but it was definitely a start. Despite the Act being a turning point, there was still more work to be done. Unfortunately, Dr. King did not live to continue his hard work and dedication nor see it come to fruition. While in Memphis, Tennessee in support of striking sanitation workers, he was tragically shot and killed on the balcony of hotel room by James Earl Ray. Compared to the death of President John F. Kennedy, who was also a great helper to 'the people', it was a sad day in history.
Timeline
WWW sites The King Center is the "official living memorial" dedicated to the memory of MLK. The Seattle Times.com website is a great resource for general information about Dr. King and his work. Biography on A&E contains an extremely detailed account of Dr. King's life. MLK Online contains inspiring quotes by MLK. NAACP Honors Dr. King's Legacy Some other recommded websites:
Recommended Books Books by Dr. King: Some of Dr. King's perspectives on the events that took place the civil rights movement are included in his books: Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story (New York: Harper and Row, 1958), Why We Can't Wait (New York: Harper & Row, 1964), Conscience for Change (Toronto: Canadian Broadcasting Company, 1967), The Trumpet of Conscience (New York: Harper and Row, 1968), and Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? (Boston: Beacon Press, 1968). Books about Dr. King: Two memoirs, written by two people who knew him best, his wife and his son: King, Coretta Scott. My Life with Martin Luther King, Jr. (New York: Holt, Henry & Co., 1993) and King, Dexter Scott. Growing Up King: An Intimate Memoir. (New York: Intellectual Properties Management in association with Warner Books, 2003). Clayborne Carson, ed. The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr. (New York: Warner Books, 1998). Other books concerning King: The following books contain truly inspirational speeches and sermons by Dr. King: Clayborne Carson and Kris Shepard, eds. A Call to Conscience: The Landmark Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr. (New York: IPM/Warner Books, 2001). Clayborne Carson and Peter Holloran, eds. A Knock at Midnight: Inspiration from the Great Sermons of Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr.(New York: Warner Books, 1998). Related Events |
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Martin’s willingness to excel and change unjust activities
may be attributed to his strong Christian background. He was
engulfed in deep-rooted faith, as both his father and maternal
grandfather were Baptist ministers who shared a congregation at
the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, Georgia. Shortly before
he graduated from Morehouse College, he too was ordained at the
age of 19 as Baptist minister by his father and assisted in
leading the congregation at Ebenezer. He later became the pastor
at a church in Montgomery, Alabama and then moved to back to
Atlanta, again to join the Ebenezer congregation. While in Atlanta,
he became a founder of what would become one of the integral
organizations of the Civil Rights Movement – the Southern
Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). Founders of the SCLC had
two great things in common; they were all southern black
ministers who had suffered the humility of unequal civil
rights.
King faced many obstacles while on his mission for equality. He
was arrested over twenty times for protesting. He was the object
of several violent attacks, both to his person and his
property. He received threatening phone calls, his home was
bombed and set afire, and he was even stabbed. King faced
opposition from not only whites and their leaders but also from some
of his own race. The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
(SNCC) was a diverse group of students who desired social
change. Initially, King supported the efforts of the SNCC, but
soon conflict surfaced. Dr. King wanted to be patient and
continue to work non-violently toward equality. The SNCC became militant, and wanted immediate action taken on its issues and
did not desire to wait for changes. Because of such philosophical
differeces, the
two forces soon grew apart. Martin also faced obstacles that
were initiated by the federal government. He was subjected to several unwarranted
investigations by the Federal Bureau of Investigation and undue
harassment by its head, J. Edgar Hoover. Hoover felt King caused
too much ‘trouble’ and called him "the most notorious
liar in the country." Hoover thought if there was negative
publicity questioning King's morality, perhaps his followers may
not be as supportive. Fortunately, Hoover and his attempts to
discredit Dr. King did not hinder King’s efforts toward
securing equal rights for all.
Dr. King has been credited with motivating many to the support
of the civil rights movement. His great orations, such as 
